Birding Trek to Langtang National Park:- October, 2014
09 October 2014 – 16 October 2014
Langtang National Park with 1710 km2 as the first national park in the mountain region of Nepal was established in 26 March 1976. The main aim of its establishment is to protect the central Himalayan ecosystem of Nepal. It is the nearest national park and is only 117 km north from the Kathmandu by road. The park encloses the catchment of two river system : one draining west into the Trisuli and other east to Sun Koshi. The Park is bisected east-west to south-east by the Gosaikunda Lake (4300m) and Dorje Lhakhpa (6888m) range in the north. Langtang Lirung (7245m) is the highest point in the park.
The park has recorded 46 species of mammalian fauna including Snow Leopard, Clouded Leopard, Musk Deer, Red Panda and Assamese Monkey. Till now, 58 species of Butterfly, 10 species of spider, 30 species of fish and 11 species of herpeto -fauna is recorded. Park harbors more than 1000 species of plant including Larix nepalensis, Rhododendron cawaniannum and Rhododendron lowndesii.
A total of 345 bird species including residents and migrants have been listed which in all represents 37 bird families of the world. The most numerous birds come from the Muscicapidae with 61 species followed by Sylvidae with 58 species and Fringillidae with 30 species. The best season of bird watching is March-April which coincides with one of the two best seasons of trekking in the Nepal Himalayas. The Langtang-Kyangjing (10-12 days), Goshainkunda-Suryakunda-Thadepati-Sundarijal (12-14 days), Helambu (10-12 days) are the main trekking routes where one can find all basic facilities including lodge and food. Ganjala pass (Kyangjin-Helambu), Panchpokhari (Chautara-Melamchipool), Dorjelhakpa are the vergin trekking routes for group trekkers who can manage all logistics themselves.
Visited Sites
General Travelling Information
Day 01: Kathmandu to Syaphru Besi
Day 02: Syaphrubesi to Rimche
Day 03: Rimche to Langtang Village
Day 04: Langtang Village to Kanjin to Langtang Village
Day 05: Langtang Village to Ghodatabel
Day 06: Ghodatbabela to Rimche
Day 07: Rimche to Thulo Syaphru
Day 08: Thulo Syphru tho Thulo Bharkhu (Dhunche) and Drive to Kathmandu
Acknowledgements
I would like to thank Yeary Seminario and Whitehawk Birding and Conservation for this oppertunity.
Langtang
Langtang is a region in the north-central Himalayas of the Bagmati province of Nepal. Situated 150 kilometres north of the Kathmandu, the region is renowned for hosting the Langtang national park which eventually constitutes the border with the Tibet autonomous region of China. About 4,500 people reside inside the park (with Tamang as majority), and many more depend on it for timber and firewood.
The park contains a wide variety of climatic zones, from subtropical to alpine.[1] Approximately 25% of the park is forested. Trees include the deciduous oak and maple, evergreens like pine, and various types of rhododendron. Animal life includes the Himalayan black bear, the goat-like Himalayan tahr, Assam macaque and red pandas[2]. There are also stories of Yeti sightings.
The park contains the Gosainkunda lakes, sacred to Hindus. Pilgrimages are made there in August. Another spiritual site is the Buddhist monastery Kyanjin Gompa. Popular activities for tourists in the park include trekking, climbing, and white-water rafting.
How to get there
Public Bushes or Shared Taxi are available daily from Kathmandu to Syaphrubesi,
Facilities & accommodation
accommodation in Tea houses.
Diary
09 October 2014: DAY 01:
The trip started from Kathmandu. In the early morning we drove towards Dhunche from Kathmandu. We reached Trisuli at 11:00 am and had lunch and continued driving. The roads near Dhunche was very bad due to landslides so we got many traffics, sometimes we walked and again drove and we arrived Dhunche at 4:00 pm. We paid for the entrance tickets and continued driving to Shyaphrubesi. Our accommodation and dinner was at Peaceful Hotel and the hotel is very good for rooms and food . We saw some beautiful birds on the way: Scarlet Minivet, Spotted Nutcracker, Grey Bushchat, Blue-whistling Thrush, Rufous Sibia, Grey Wagtail, Red-billed Leiothrix to name a few.
10 October 2014: DAY 02:
It was our second day of the trip and first day of the trekking. We followed the trail at side of the Langtang River which tooked us to Lama Hotel. The day was very good with good sunlight. Having lunch at Bamboo we reached Rimche at afternoon. We were planning to go to Lama Hotel but we heard from other trekkers that hotels around Lama Hotels are all occupied so we stayed at Moonlight Hotel, Rimche. Rimche is very good place for birds. On this day we saw many birds during ups and dowm trek; Himalayan Bulbul, Black Bulbul, Grey Treepie, Yellow-bellied Fantail, Black-faced Warbler, Brown Dipper, White-capped Redstart, Plumbeous Water Redstart etc..
11 October 2014: DAY 03:
They day started with warm sunlights and the early morning is very good for birds so we started our trekking earlier. After having warm breakfast at 6:30am we walked to Langtang Village following the trail goes through the riverside. The habitat on the way to Langtang from Rimche was very good. We took our lunch at Thangshyap and reached Langtang village at afternoon. We already did reservation for accommodation in Langtang village at Everest Hotel so geeting accommodation was easier this day. Today we saw Cola Tit, Grey-crested Tit, Whistler Warbler, Long-tailed Minivet, Variegated Laughing Thrush, Chestnut-crowned Laughing Thrush, Rusty-flanked Treecreeper, Little Forktail, Spotted Forktail, Yellow-breasted Greenfinch etc.
12 October 2014: DAY 04:
We stayed in Langtang Village to give some rest to our body and acclimatize. Manolo and I walked around the fields and bushes and saw some different birds; Northern Goshawk, Snow Pigeon, Red-billed Chough, Alpine Chough, Rufous-breasted Accentor, Rosy Pipit, Dark-breasted Rosefinch, Common Rosefinch, Beautiful Rosefinch etc.
13 October 2014: DAY 05:
This day our itinerary is changed because Manolo and Coral felt some altitude sickness and not interested to go up to Kyanjin Gumba. They told that they are more interested to go back to Thangsyap so after having breakfast in the morning we returned to Ghodatabela. We took lunch there and styed overnight. The weather was good till the noon but at afternoon it changed dramatically and started raining all over the night. Golden Bush Robin, Aberrant Bush Warbler, Spotted Laughingthrush are main highlights of the day.
14 October 2014: DAY 06
It was a very worst day of the trip.The rain started form yesterday afternoon was not stopped yet, so all the day just raining and raining. We took breakfast at 8:00 am and waiting for good weather, after an hour the rain about to stop and we moved to Lama Hotel. Lama hotel was still full due to the bad weather so we walked further to Rimche at the same hotel we got the same room and stayed there. we saw very few birds but impossible for Photograph.
15 October 2014: DAY 07
The rain was stopped so the morning was so nice. We became very happy and started our walk with new energy. After having breakfast we moved towards Thulo Shyaphru. This day was very excellent day of the trip because we saw many different varieties of birds and also some of my lifer species. We reached Thulo Shyaphru and stayed in Snow Fall hotel. Here we can see the good view of mountains including Ganesh Himal. Today we saw Black-throated Sunbird, Speckled Piculet, Brown-fronted Woodpecker, Mountain Hawk Eagle, Chestnut-crowned Warbler etc…
16 October 2014: DAY 08
This is the last day of our trip, so we started same like other day with having breakfast at 6:30 and we walked towards Thulo Bharkhu. We reached Thulo Bharkhu at 10:00am there our car was waiting us and we came back to Kahtmandu and arrived at evening.
Species List
-
Hill Partridge
Arborophila torqueola
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 3 ind.
-
-
Himalayan Monal
Lophophorus impejanus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 2 ind.
-
-
Snow Pigeon
Columba leuconota
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 1 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 1 ind. 2014-10-12 350 ind. they were counted in higher numbers -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 30 ind.
-
-
Oriental Turtle-Dove
Streptopelia orientalis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 1 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 4 ind. 2014-10-12 18 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 20 ind.
-
-
Mountain Hawk-Eagle
Nisaetus nipalensis
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 3 ind.
-
-
Eurasian Goshawk
Accipiter gentilis
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 1 ind.
-
-
Great Barbet
Psilopogon virens
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 2 ind.
-
-
Speckled Piculet
Picumnus innominatus
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Brown-fronted Woodpecker
Dendrocoptes auriceps
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Long-tailed Minivet
Pericrocotus ethologus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 12 ind.
-
-
Scarlet Minivet
Pericrocotus speciosus
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 3 ind. -
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind.
-
-
Long-tailed Shrike
Lanius schach
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 1 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Yellow-billed Blue-Magpie
Urocissa flavirostris
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 4 ind.
-
-
Gray Treepie
Dendrocitta formosae
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 8 ind.
-
-
Eurasian Nutcracker
Nucifraga caryocatactes
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 1 ind.
-
-
Red-billed Chough
Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 6 ind.
-
-
Yellow-billed Chough
Pyrrhocorax graculus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 8 ind.
-
-
House Crow
Corvus splendens
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 2 ind.
-
-
Large-billed Crow
Corvus macrorhynchos
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 1 ind. -
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 12 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 28 ind. 2014-10-12 20 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 40 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 30 ind.
-
-
Yellow-bellied Fairy-Fantail
Chelidorhynx hypoxanthus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 18 ind.
-
-
Gray-headed Canary-Flycatcher
Culicicapa ceylonensis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind.
-
-
Yellow-browed Tit
Sylviparus modestus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 4 ind.
-
-
Coal Tit
Periparus ater
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 60 ind. They were counted in higher numbers -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 12 ind.
-
-
Rufous-vented Tit
Periparus rubidiventris
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 8 ind. 2014-10-12 6 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 12 ind.
-
-
Gray-crested Tit
Lophophanes dichrous
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 10 ind.
-
-
Green-backed Tit
Parus monticolus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 3 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 16 ind.
-
-
Himalayan Black-lored Tit
Machlolophus xanthogenys
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 6 ind.
-
-
Asian House-Martin
Delichon dasypus
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 20 ind.
-
-
Black Bulbul
Hypsipetes leucocephalus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind.
-
-
Himalayan Bulbul
Pycnonotus leucogenys
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 4 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 2 ind.
-
-
Ashy-throated Warbler
Phylloscopus maculipennis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 5 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 3 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 6 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 6 ind.
-
-
Buff-barred Warbler
Phylloscopus pulcher
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 32 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 12 ind.
-
-
Yellow-browed Warbler
Phylloscopus inornatus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 8 ind.
-
-
Hume's Warbler
Phylloscopus humei
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind.
-
-
Tickell's Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus affinis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 30 ind. 2014-10-12 30 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 28 ind.
-
-
Whistler's Warbler
Phylloscopus whistleri
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 12 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 8 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 30 ind.
-
-
Chestnut-crowned Warbler
Phylloscopus castaniceps
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Blyth's Leaf Warbler
Phylloscopus reguloides
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 1 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 4 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 26 ind.
-
-
Gray-hooded Warbler
Phylloscopus xanthoschistos
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 12 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 20 ind.
-
-
Gray-bellied Tesia
Tesia cyaniventer
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Black-faced Warbler
Abroscopus schisticeps
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 20 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 28 ind.
-
-
Aberrant Bush Warbler
Horornis flavolivaceus
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind.
-
-
Black-throated Tit
Aegithalos concinnus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 12 ind.
-
-
White-browed Fulvetta
Fulvetta vinipectus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 14 ind.
-
-
Black-throated Parrotbill
Suthora nipalensis
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind.
-
-
Whiskered Yuhina
Yuhina flavicollis
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 20 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 4 ind.
-
-
Stripe-throated Yuhina
Yuhina gularis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 12 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 40 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 8 ind.
-
-
Rufous-vented Yuhina
Yuhina occipitalis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 10 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 60 ind. They were counted in higher numbers -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 4 ind.
-
-
Indian White-eye
Zosterops palpebrosus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 10 ind.
-
-
Black-chinned Babbler
Cyanoderma pyrrhops
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 4 ind.
-
-
Streak-breasted Scimitar-Babbler
Pomatorhinus ruficollis
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Striated Laughingthrush
Grammatoptila striata
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 12 ind.
-
-
Streaked Laughingthrush
Trochalopteron lineatum
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 4 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 4 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 20 ind.
-
-
Variegated Laughingthrush
Trochalopteron variegatum
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 25 ind. 2014-10-12 12 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 20 ind.
-
-
Black-faced Laughingthrush
Trochalopteron affine
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 10 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 12 ind.
-
-
Chestnut-crowned Laughingthrush
Trochalopteron erythrocephalum
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 7 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 8 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 8 ind.
-
-
Rufous Sibia
Heterophasia capistrata
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 1 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 40 ind.
-
-
Chestnut-tailed Minla
Actinodura strigula
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 10 ind.
-
-
Spotted Laughingthrush
Ianthocincla ocellata
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 8 ind.
-
-
White-tailed Nuthatch
Sitta himalayensis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 7 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 12 ind.
-
-
Hodgson's Treecreeper
Certhia hodgsoni
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind.
-
-
Rusty-flanked Treecreeper
Certhia nipalensis
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 3 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 1 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 2 ind.
-
-
Sikkim Treecreeper
Certhia discolor
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 3 ind.
-
-
Brown Dipper
Cinclus pallasii
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 1 ind.
-
-
Small Niltava
Niltava macgrigoriae
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 4 ind.
-
-
Rufous-bellied Niltava
Niltava sundara
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind.
-
-
Verditer Flycatcher
Eumyias thalassinus
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 4 ind.
-
-
Blue Whistling-Thrush
Myophonus caeruleus
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 3 ind. -
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 6 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 10 ind. 2014-10-12 2 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 10 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 6 ind.
-
-
Little Forktail
Enicurus scouleri
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 1 ind.
-
-
Spotted Forktail
Enicurus maculatus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 1 ind.
-
-
Himalayan Bluetail
Tarsiger rufilatus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind.
-
-
Slaty-blue Flycatcher
Ficedula tricolor
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 1 ind.
-
-
Rufous-gorgeted Flycatcher
Ficedula strophiata
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 6 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 4 ind.
-
-
Taiga Flycatcher
Ficedula albicilla
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind.
-
-
Blue-fronted Redstart
Phoenicurus frontalis
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-11 6 ind. 2014-10-12 23 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 30 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 12 ind.
-
-
Plumbeous Redstart
Phoenicurus fuliginosus
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 18 ind.
-
-
White-capped Redstart
Phoenicurus leucocephalus
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 2 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Black Redstart
Phoenicurus ochruros
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 1 ind.
-
-
Siberian Stonechat
Saxicola maurus
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 2 ind.
-
-
Gray Bushchat
Saxicola ferreus
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 4 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 1 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 16 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 6 ind.
-
-
Black-throated Sunbird
Aethopyga saturata
details
sounds
-
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 1 ind.
-
-
Green-tailed Sunbird
Aethopyga nipalensis
details
sounds
-
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 2 ind.
-
-
Rufous-breasted Accentor
Prunella strophiata
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 4 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 8 ind.
-
-
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
Passer montanus
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 16 ind. -
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 16 ind.
-
-
Gray Wagtail
Motacilla cinerea
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 6 ind. -
Rimche / Lama Hotel area
2014-10-10 1 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-11 4 ind.
-
-
Western Yellow Wagtail
Motacilla flava
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 2 ind.
-
-
White Wagtail
Motacilla alba
details
sounds
-
Syapru Besi
2014-10-09 1 ind. -
Langtang
2014-10-12 2 ind.
-
-
Rosy Pipit
Anthus roseatus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 2 ind.
-
-
Olive-backed Pipit
Anthus hodgsoni
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 6 ind.
-
-
Common Rosefinch
Carpodacus erythrinus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 18 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 8 ind.
-
-
Himalayan Beautiful Rosefinch
Carpodacus pulcherrimus
details
sounds
-
Langtang
2014-10-12 40 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 13 ind.
-
-
Red-headed Bullfinch
Pyrrhula erythrocephala
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 2 ind.
-
-
Dark-breasted Rosefinch
Procarduelis nipalensis
details
sounds
-
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 4 ind.
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Yellow-breasted Greenfinch
Chloris spinoides
details
sounds
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Langtang
2014-10-11 3 ind. -
Thangsyap
2014-10-13 36 ind. -
Thulo Syabru
2014-10-15 60 ind.
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Last updated: 20 June 2020